Children on edge of care, and the role of social workers associated Essay

Children on edge of care, and the role of social workers associated with them - Essay Example The language used in describing the issue of child protection has undergone many transformations over the years, and has especially seen marked changes in the last 40 years. From 1960s medico-social perspectives that exposed and treated the ‘battered babies’ (Parton, 1991), to the modern day twenty-first century provisions for ‘child care’ by the UK government, represent the huge transition in the perspectives of the state and the society on the issue of child protection. â€Å"The primary focus of official concern has broadened considerably. While in the 1960s it was ‘battered babies’, in the 1970s ‘non-accidental in jury to children’, in the 1980s ‘child abuse’, and for much of the 1990s ‘significant harm and the likelihood of significant harm’, the focus of the new millennium is ‘safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child’† (Parton, 2007, 9). ... that children need a secure and stable familial atmosphere within their homes, â€Å"in order to enable them to develop attachments and achieve the outcomes, to which we aspire, for all children. However, some children who are not able to form these attachments in their present living circumstances may need to be moved, which entails difficult judgements for all concerned†( Department for education and skills, 2006, 4). Protections for such children, were given a legal framework for the first time through the legislation of the Children Act 1989. Under section 31 of this 1989 act, children without stable and secure homes are liable to come under the overall care of the local authorities. ‘Children in care,’ however is a blanket term that covers all children that are being cared for by the local authorities, including â€Å"those subject to care orders under section 31of the children act 1989 and those looked after on a voluntary basis through an agreement with th eir parents† (Lall, 2007, 3). As per the Department of Education, the children that are placed for some reason under care of the local authorities in England /UK, form one of the most vulnerable social sections, in today’s context. â€Å"The majority of children in care are there because they have suffered abuse or neglect. At any one time around 60,000 children are looked after in England (of whom some 59 per cent are subject to care orders). Some 90,000 children are looked after at some point in any one year† (Department for Education, 2011). Children in care can be broadly divided into 3 basic types. These are: Any child placed under the care of the local authorities (LA). Children that are provisioned to a statutory care order under the rulings of section 31 of the Children Act 1989. Children place

Role of Nurse Practitioners in Reinventing Primary Care

Role of Nurse Practitioners in Reinventing Primary Care The Quality and Effectiveness of Care Provided by Nurse Practitioners Expanding the Role of Advanced Nurse Practitioners — Risks and Rewards Glaiza Lanuza The Role of Nurse Practitioners in Reinventing Primary Care (Mary D. Naylor and Ellen T. Kurtzman. 2010) The authors in this study acknowledge that Nurse Practitioners are the fundamental category of advanced practice nurses yielding immediate care in the United States in the primary setting. Out of the 2.9 million nurses that the country produces substantially in the past decades, eight percent of which are APRNs, and roughly 70-80 percent work in the primary care setting (Mary D. Naylor and Ellen T. Kurtzman, 2010). They reconsidered the current and projected nurse practitioner workforce. There is a proportionate surge of NPs in the populace which they projected to flourish by an average of 9 percent per annum. Also, they considered the critical points of the available indication of NPs significant addition in ameliorating primary care and decreased utilization of health resources through two methodologies- literature review and study findings (Mary D. Naylor and Ellen T. Kurtzman, 2010). Literature Review They distinguished a policy review that was conveyed by the RAND Corporation. The said inquiry hypothesized that the usual expenditure of nurse practitioner or physician assistant visit is 20–35 percent less than the regular cost of a physician appointment. With that data, they predict aggregate savings of up to $8.4 billion between years 2010 to 2020 (Mary D. Naylor and Ellen T. Kurtzman. 2010). Study Findings The congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) pioneered two autonomous scrutinies of non-physician providers in the United States (Mary D. Naylor and Ellen T. Kurtzman. 2010). The OTA recapitulated that, within their scope of practice, NPs deliver quality of care same of that contributed by physicians. In conclusion, with the remarkable affirmations of NPs augmentation of high-value primary care, they proposed that nurse practice acts or state laws- be institutionalized and be less restrictive, to equalize payments and to increase nurse’s accountability. This article speaks highly of Nurse Practitioners in their cognizance of the pivotal role NPs play in the future of health care as primary care providers; thus, putting them in the vanguard of administering preventative care to the public. Research Article 2 The Quality and Effectiveness of Care Provided by Nurse Practitioners (Stanik-Hutt et al., 2013) The study put scrutiny on evidences regarding the repercussion of nurse practitioners (NPs) in comparison with physicians (MDs) on three key points: health care condition, safety, and efficacy (Stanik-Hutt et al., 2013). Health Care Quality In the analytic inquiry of patient care in three settings such as, primary, outpatient surgical and inpatient environment, they ascertained that the patient satisfaction with care of NPs was similar to that associated with care from MDs. Moreover, in some reports, they discovered that patients were more satisfied with the care rendered by NPs. Safety Patient safety is affected by a myriad of factors such patient, healthcare setting and practitioner. They claimed that the mortality was the only safety outcome they can consider as a probable composite in this study. Effectiveness NP care effectiveness was linked to similar MD care effect though not better blood pressure and blood glucose regulation. Additionally, they correlated NP care with better serum lipid control. The authors used four methodologies in this research such as data sources and searches, study selection, data retrieval and quality assurance and data organization and inquiry. In the end, results for NPs compared to MDs (or teams without NPs) are proportionate or more sophisticated for all the sequelae recognized. In the primary care context, they laid evidences suggesting superior lipid control in patients cared for by NPs. Furthermore, noteworthy studies demonstrated that optimum well-being, physical function, count of patients’ emergency stays and hospital encounters; blood sugar, vital signs, and mortality have been positively linked to NPs and MDs (Stanik-Hutt et al., 2013). Nurse Practitioners play an integral part in the nation’s dynamic healthcare system. Apart from being one of the most lucrative and beneficial option that the populace can elicit, their patient care, yield impressive outcomes in terms of quality, safety, and effectiveness. Expert Opinion Article Expanding the Role of Advanced Nurse Practitioners — Risks and Rewards (Iglehart, 2013) This article discusses the 2014 extension of coverage decreed by The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Furthermore, it also chronicles as to how health professionals, lawmakers, and consumers will grapple with an expected intensification of patient claim for benefits and assistance (State of Rhode Island: Health Care Reform Commission). Also, the author presented its’ risks, rewards and solutions. Risks According to the report of The Association of American Medical Colleges (Iglehart, 2013), by year 2015 the country might have to address a deficit of an estimated 33,000 care providers and around 30,000 other consultants. Also, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified that the rigorous nurse practice state laws serve as impediments to accessible care. Rewards The author cited myriad of evidences in the nursing discourses that render support for the scientific achievement of NPs. One is the recent systematic study that bestowed NPs distinction for delivering safe, efficient, exceptional care. He, also emphasized, APRNs, in conjunction with physicians and other caregivers will need to progress with best current evidences and major synergistic frameworks of care strategies. Solutions Economist, David Auerbach, conferred that growth in nurse practitioner statistics is one answer to alleviating the inadequacy of primary care providers. IOM reiterated that the federal government should find a way to have profound interest and action in the standardization of reforms for health care pursuit especially that of Advanced Practice Nurses. He also made into account the Agreement between Nurse Leaders and Physician Officers on collaboration between professionals, in which they were empathic on eradicating the shipmaster notion, rather, regarding clienteles as champions of their care (Iglehart, 2013). The methodologies that he used in this article are study findings and systematic review. In summary, despite the hurdles that the healthcare system might face, the author was positive about the theme of this research article for he is optimistic about situational leadership. In my viewpoint, nursing leaders and health policymakers need to be mindful in designing a health care system that delivers high-quality care at reasonable cost to improve results, effectiveness, efficacy, and costs. Ultimately, the patients and their families are the be-all and end-all of primary care. They deserve an unparalleled provision of care. References Mary D. Naylor and Ellen T. Kurtzman. 2010. The Role of Nurse Practitioners in Reinventing Primary Care. Health Affairs, 29, no.5 893-899. Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/29/5/893.full Julie Stanik-Hutt, Robin P. Newhouse, Kathleen M. White, Meg Johantgen, Eric B. Bass, George Zangaro†¦ Jonathan P. Weiner. (2013, September). The Quality and Effectiveness of Care Provided by Nurse Practitioners. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 9(8), 492-500.E13. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.07.004 John K. Iglehart. (2013, May). Expanding the Role of Advanced Nurse Practitioners — Risks and Rewards. The New England Journal of Medicine 368:1935-1941. doi: 10.1056/NEJMhpr1301084 State of Rhode Island: Health Care Reform Commission. Retrieved from http://www.healthcare.ri.gov/faq/answers.php

Primary Behavior Changes and Cide Effects of LSD Essay -- Chemistry Ch

Primary Behavior Changes and Cide Effects of LSD LSD (D lysergic acid diethylamide) is a very potent synthetic hallucinogen. It is manufactured from lysergic acid, found in ergot, which is a fungus that grows on grains. In its original form, LSD is a white or clear, odorless, water soluble crystal that can be crushed into a powder and dissolved. LSD goes by the street name â€Å"acid† or â€Å"blotter† and is sold in tablets, capsules and sometimes liquid form. Oftentimes LSD is added to absorbent paper and sold in individual squares or â€Å"doses† which are then dissolved on the tongue. LSD is an extremely potent mood changing chemical. A person’s subjective world changes drastically once LSD is taken (Blacker, Jones, Stone, & Pfefferbaum, 1968). Users refer to their experience with LSD as a â€Å"trip.† These experiences generally begin about 30 to 90 minutes after taking the drug, and last from 6 to 12 hours. LSD is sometimes described as a drug that breaks down barriers, but the results of taking LSD are complex and variable. Every trip is different and users show a wide range of reactions (Terrill, 1964). The first signs of LSD are usually physical, and can include dilated pupils, salivation, sweating and nausea, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, tremors, dry mouth, chills, raised body temperature, rapid heartbeat and elevated blood pressure. As the trip progresses, one’s mood, perceptions and sensations become affected (Palfai & Jankiewicz, 2001). In the first phase of the trip there may be abnormal body sensations, changes in mood, space and time distortions and visual hallucinations (Palfai & Jankiewicz, 2001). Time may seem to stand still, or race forward or backward... ... lasting LSD side effect [Letter to the editor]. American Journal of Psychiatry, pp. 1233-1234. Blacker, K.H., Jones, R.T., Stone, G.C.,& Pfefferbaum, D. (1968). Chronic users of LSD: the â€Å"acidheads.† American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 341-351. LSD JustFacts. (n.d). Retrieved February 8, 2005, from http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/jf/drugs/lsd.asp Pahnke, W. (1967, March). LSD and religious experience. Paper presented to a public symposium at Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Palfai, T., & Jankiewicz, H. (2001). Drugs and human behavior (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Terrill, J.(1964). LSD, the consciousness expanding drug. New York: David Solomon. Ungerleider, J.T., Fisher, D.D., Fuller, M., & Caldwell, A. (1968). The â€Å"bad trip.† The etiology of the adverse LSD reaction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1483-1490.

Coping with Life Challenges Essay

Toni Cade Bambara, born March 25, 1939 in New York City; her mother was Helen Brent Henderson Cade. Bambara adopted that last name when she discovered it on a sketchbook her great-grandmother had. Bambara spent the first ten years of her life in Harlem, New York. In 1973, she published and essay in Redbook explaining what she liked about her mother. Bambara is an activist, novelist, writer, essayist, and a filmmaker. Bambara was influenced by her work as a social worker in the 1960’s. Bambara knew how the black community had been neglected and abused in the American society. Bambara became devoted to her community; she wrote primarily for her black community and in black dialect. Toni Cade Bambara wrote several short stories, one specifically was â€Å"The Lesson,† in this short story; she speaks on how to overcome struggles and stereotyping in the black community. In â€Å"The Lesson,† Toni Cade Bambara, uses characterization, style of language and setting; she also shows how she felt about how unfair the American society was through the eyes of a black woman. First, Bambara uses characterization. In â€Å"The Lesson† Bambara developed a strong and positive character who could teach us about valuable lessons in life. This character was a strong black woman named Miss Moore, who taught all the children in her community how to overcome the struggles in their community. Miss Moore first took the children to a store on Fifth Avenue, this store was the most expensive toy store the name of the store was F. A. O. Schwartz. The first life lesson was an expensive handcrafted sailboat, â€Å"Hand-crafted sailboat of fiberglass at one thousand one hundred and ninety-five dollars. † (Bambara) This lesson was to show the children the value of money, and how to value what they have and not what they want. In the second trial Bambara uses style of language, Miss Moore questioned the children on how they felt about the expensive sailboat. One of the characters in the story, Sylvia became upset with Miss Moore because out of all the children, she was the only one to get the point. Sylvia said, â€Å"I’m mad, but I won’t give her that satisfaction. So I slouch around bein very bored and say, Let’s go. †(Bambara) Sylvia realized that Miss Moore wanted them to see what type of environment they lived in and wanted them to think of ways to overcome those struggles in the future. Last, Bambara uses setting, Miss Moore, wanted the children to realize how unfair life was in the American society. Miss Moore wanted the children to see, that they had to overcome the stereotyping and become the opposite of what life was expected out of them. Miss Moore said, â€Å"Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. What do you think? † (Bambara) Bambara’s main character knew what life expected out of them and she wanted the children to overcome the struggles, simply by experiencing them. In conclusion, the author felt that living within your society, you have to overcome the stereotyping and become the opposite of what life is expected of you. Toni Cade Bambara wanted her characters in â€Å"The Lesson,† to overcome society’s obstacles, cruelty, and devaluation and to discover their strengths, and to have pride within them. Toni Cade Bambara is universal and lives on in today’s society.

Genetically Modified Foods One World Essay Essay

Did you know that we’ve been eating genetically modified foods for the past 10 years? It’s in about 70-75% of our nation’s food. Our food supply has greatly improved. Today we are going to find out what are genetically modified foods. Genetically modified foods are foods that have been engineered in the laboratory. They are improved in many ways. In the first part of my speech I will talk about the genetic modification technology in food and agriculture, locating improvements. In the second part I will include a debate about food safety, consumer attitudes and other concerns. Newspapers frequently carry stories about genetically modified food. The biotechnology agricultural age is occurring. Scientists had an idea to make food have better appearance, growth, and taste. In genetic engineering you take the best food available and add the few characters you are interested in so that you’re breeding efficiency is increased. The last century was a time of big changes in genetic engineering. Humanity made huge steps toward creating new life. Experiments with creating human were not successful, but the whole world was watching the experiment with sheep Dooley, which became first cloned animal. It was first such a big succeeded experiment and as a result almost everyone knew the last news about the sheep. However a big achievement was made in modifying new plants and crops. In the 21st century genetically modified products already became a part of our life. Every day new genetic products appear in shops and it becomes harder to find healthy food which does not contain any added chemical components. Apples during the winter time, oranges which become ripe twice faster than their period of ripening and tomato bushes which can survive very cold weather prove that biological world had experienced a lot of changes. Experiments are being made, new plants are being produced for a quite a long period of time, however genetically modified products is one of the hotly debatable topics today. The benefits of gene technology in terms of food production are enormous. The most common genetically engineered crops contain modifications that make the plants resistant to certain diseases and herbicides, or allow them to produce their own pesticides, thereby eliminating or reducing the need to spray. So-called â€Å"Bt corn,† for example, contains a gene resistant to the harmful mycotoxin fungus and herbicide producers, Monsanto have created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be unaffected by their product Roundup. The soybean farmer therefore can avoid targeting specific weeds and require just one application of a general weed-killer, reducing costs and agricultural waste run-off. Genetically modified crops are also being adapted to grow in salty, dry or frosty environments, contain edible vaccines, have a longer shelf life and be more nutritious. A group of Swiss and German scientists recently developed a strain of GM rice known as ‘golden rice’ due to its altered color. Containing genes that produce a unusually high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A), this rice could be a solution to the thousands of poor children in Asia who eat little but rice and go blind or die from lack of vitamin A. Public reaction to the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering however has been mixed. Sliding US export commodities such as genetically modified soybeans and corn have highlighted hardened public opinion and widespread resistance to biotech crops, especially in the European Union. Concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: economics, environmental hazards and human health risks. The latter two have been the subject of hot debate, both in Australia and overseas. Environmental damage from GM crops can be caused through various channels. One of the main concerns has been the possibility of gene transfer to a non-target species, that is crops engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds cross-breeding, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance to create ‘super weeds’. In addition, environmentalists fear that transgenic plants may proliferate rapidly, pollinating natural plants in their surroundings eliminating existing species. Further environmental suspicions include those of unintended harm to other organisms and of the reduced effectiveness of pesticides once insects become tolerant to a crop’s natural pesticide. Questions have also been raised on the human impact of genetically modified organisms. Critics of recombinant DNA fear that the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms used in some recombinant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics. Likewise, the unknown effect of foreign genes introduced into GM food crops in terms of human health also presents a controversial issue. Furthermore, there is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans in order to increase their nutritional value was abandoned when it was found that the genetically engineered soybeans caused an allergic reaction in people sensitive to Brazil nuts. For these reasons, extensive testing and labeling of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Biotechnology has started to revolutionize food production, with fantastic results. With the world population of 6 billion expected to double in the next 50 years and an adequate food supply becoming a major challenge it will no doubt continue to do so in the future.